56 प्रश्न: 24 विकल्प, 20 लघु, 12 दीर्घ। प्रत्येक प्रश्न पर वर्ष टैग।
The Non-Cooperation Movement was called off in 1922 mainly because of
सही विकल्प: B — The Chauri Chaura violence / चौरी-चौरा हिंसा
After a police station was burnt at Chauri Chaura (Gorakhpur), Gandhi halted mass satyagraha, arguing that people were not yet ready for strictly non-violent protest. / चौरी-चौरा में हिंसा के बाद गांधी ने आंदोलन स्थगित कर दिया।
Which of the following was a feature of early industrial towns in Britain?
सही विकल्प: B — Crowded housing and long factory hours / भीड़भाड़ आवास और लंबी फैक्टरी पाली
Mill towns grew fast; workers lived in cramped lanes and shifts often stretched beyond twelve hours. Hand work did not vanish at once. / नगर तेजी से बढ़े, मकान तंग थे और पाली लंबी होती थी।
Alluvial soil is most widespread in
सही विकल्प: B — The Northern Plains / उत्तरी मैदान में
Rivers of the Indus–Ganga–Brahmaputra system deposit silt across the Northern Plains, making alluvial soil the most extensive agricultural soil of India. / सिंधु-गंगा-ब्रह्मपुत्र नदियाँ उत्तरी मैदान में जलोढ़ मिट्टी बिछाती हैं।
Which crop needs high temperature, high humidity and more than 100 cm of rainfall?
सही विकल्प: C — Rice / धान
Rice is a kharif crop of hot, wet lowlands. Wheat is a rabi crop of cooler, moderately wet regions. / धान खरीफ की फसल है; गेहूँ रबी की।
Power sharing is desirable in a democracy mainly because it
सही विकल्प: B — Reduces conflict and gives every group a stake / संघर्ष घटाती है और सभी को हिस्सेदारी देती है
Sharing power among governments and social groups checks majoritarianism and makes the system more stable and legitimate. / साझेदारी बहुसंख्यकवाद रोकती है और व्यवस्था स्थिर रहती है।
In the Indian Constitution, subjects like police and agriculture are in the
सही विकल्प: B — State List / राज्य सूची
The State List covers subjects of local and regional importance such as police, agriculture and local trade. The Union List covers defence and currency; the Concurrent List covers education and forests. / पुलिस और कृषि राज्य सूची में हैं।
A democratic government is expected to be
सही विकल्प: A — Accountable and responsive to citizens / नागरिकों के प्रति जवाबदेह और संवेदनशील हो
Democracy may be slower than a dictatorship, but regular elections, a free press and the right to question leaders make the government accountable. / चुनाव, प्रेस और प्रश्न का अधिकार सरकार को जवाबदेह बनाते हैं।
Which of the following is a non-material goal of development?
सही विकल्प: B — Equal respect and freedom to speak / समान सम्मान और बोलने की स्वतंत्रता
Income matters, but people also want dignity, security and freedom. Two persons with the same salary may still have very different lives if one faces discrimination. / आय के साथ सम्मान, सुरक्षा और स्वतंत्रता भी विकास के लक्ष्य हैं।
A school teacher, a doctor in a clinic and a software engineer all belong to the
सही विकल्प: C — Tertiary sector / तृतीयक क्षेत्रक
The tertiary (service) sector does not grow a crop or run a factory; it provides services such as teaching, health, transport and software. / तृतीयक क्षेत्रक सेवाएँ देता है — शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, परिवहन, सॉफ्टवेयर।
Which of these is an example of a formal source of credit in India?
सही विकल्प: B — A commercial bank / व्यावसायिक बैंक
Banks and cooperatives are formal sources: they are regulated by the RBI, keep written records and usually charge lower interest than informal lenders. / बैंक और सहकारी संस्थाएँ औपचारिक स्रोत हैं; RBI इन्हें नियंत्रित करता है।
A multinational corporation (MNC) is a company that
सही विकल्प: B — Owns or controls production in more than one country / एक से अधिक देशों में उत्पादन नियंत्रित करती है
An MNC spreads factories, offices or brands across countries to use cheap labour, new markets or local resources. / MNC कई देशों में फैक्टरी/कार्यालय चलाती है।
Belgium adopted a complex power-sharing model mainly to accommodate
सही विकल्प: B — Dutch- and French-speaking communities / डच- और फ्रेंच-भाषी समुदाय
Dutch speakers are a majority in the country but a minority in Brussels; French speakers are the reverse. Sharing cabinets, language rights and regional governments reduced the risk of a split. / डच और फ्रेंच समुदायों में संतुलन बनाने के लिए साझेदारी अपनाई गई।
Why did Gandhi choose salt as the symbol of the Civil Disobedience Movement? Give two reasons.
Salt was used daily by the poorest household, so a tax on it was easy to understand as unjust. Making salt from the sea was a simple, peaceful act that thousands could copy from Dandi to inland pans, linking town and village in one campaign. / नमक हर घर में लगता था, अतः कर अन्याय लगना सहज था। समुद्र से नमक बनाना शांतिपूर्ण और व्यापक भागीदारी वाला कदम था।
How did Indian weavers suffer in the nineteenth century? Mention two points.
Cheap mill cloth from Britain flooded Indian markets after tariffs favoured imports. Weavers also lost their old export buyers and often had to take advances from gomasthas on harsh terms, so many left the loom for farm labour. / सस्ता ब्रिटिश कपड़ा और निर्यात बाजार की हानि से बुनकर दस्तकारी छोड़ने लगे।
What is resource planning? Why is it necessary in a country like India?
Resource planning means surveying resources, estimating reserves and matching them with technology and needs so that use stays within limits. India has uneven resources — some states are mineral-rich, others water-rich — and a large population. Without a plan, over-mining, falling groundwater and regional inequality grow together. / सर्वेक्षण, अनुमान और जरूरत के अनुसार उपयोग ही नियोजन है। संसाधन असमान हैं, अतः योजना अनिवार्य है।
Distinguish between rabi and kharif crops with two examples of each.
Kharif crops are sown with the onset of the south-west monsoon (June–July) and harvested in September–October: rice, maize, cotton, soybean. Rabi crops are sown in winter (October–December) and harvested in spring: wheat, barley, gram, mustard. They need cooler weather and irrigation rather than heavy rain. / खरीफ वर्षा के साथ (धान, मक्का); रबी सर्दियों में (गेहूँ, चना)।
State two features that make India a federal country.
There are two (now three, with local bodies) levels of government, each enjoying powers given by the Constitution, not by the sweet will of the Centre. A written Constitution, a Supreme Court that settles Centre–State disputes, and separate Union/State/Concurrent lists keep the division of power clear. / दो/तीन स्तर की सरकारें, लिखित संविधान, सर्वोच्च न्यायालय और तीन सूचियाँ संघवाद की पहचान हैं।
Why is democracy considered better than other forms of government? Give two arguments.
It allows people to choose and change rulers without violence, so political equality is publicly recognised. It also creates room for different social groups to bargain, which reduces the chance of a lasting civil conflict even if daily decisions are slower. Dignity of the citizen is a value dictatorship cannot honestly claim. / बिना हिंसा शासक बदलना और विविध समूहों को बातचीत का मंच देना लोकतंत्र की शक्ति है।
Why can average income hide the real picture of development in a state? Give an example.
Average income is total income divided by population. A few very rich families can pull the average up while a large number remain poor. Two districts may show the same per capita income, yet one may have better schools and safer drinking water. That is why health, literacy and equality are read along with income. / कुछ धनी परिवार औसत बढ़ा देते हैं; स्वास्थ्य-शिक्षा बिना आय अधूरी है।
What is the difference between the organised and the unorganised sector? Give one example of each.
The organised sector has regular employment, written rules, paid leave and security (a government school teacher, a factory registered under labour law). The unorganised sector has small, scattered units, casual work and little protection (a street vendor, a construction labourer hired by the day). Most Indian workers are still in the unorganised sector. / संगठित में नियम-छुट्टी-सुरक्षा; असंगठित में अनियमित काम और कम सुरक्षा।
What is a collateral? Why do poor households often fail to get a bank loan?
Collateral is an asset — land, house papers, livestock, a deposit — that a borrower pledges and the bank can sell if the loan is not repaid. Many poor families have no clear title, no regular pay-slip and no guarantor, so banks hesitate. They then turn to informal lenders who charge high interest. Self-help groups try to fill this gap. / कोलैटरल गिरवी संपत्ति है। कागजात न होने से बैंक मना कर देते हैं; तब साहूकार महँगा ब्याज लेते हैं।
How has globalisation affected Indian consumers and small producers? Write one point for each.
Consumers, especially in cities, now get a wider choice of brands, prices and after-sales service (phones, packed food, cars). Many small producers, however, face cheap imports and MNC advertising they cannot match, so some workshops close or become low-paid suppliers. Fair rules and support for technology can reduce this imbalance. / उपभोक्ताओं को विकल्प बढ़ा; छोटे उत्पादक सस्ते आयात से दबाव में हैं।
Describe the main features of the Non-Cooperation Movement. Why did different social groups join it?
Launched in 1920, the movement asked Indians to give up government titles, schools, courts and foreign cloth, and to take up swadeshi, khadi, national schools and panchayats. It stayed non-violent in aim. Middle-class students and lawyers could boycott institutions; merchants hoped to check British goods; peasants in Awadh wanted lower rent and an end to begar; plantation workers in Assam hoped the Inland Emigration Act would loosen. Each group read swaraj in its own daily struggle, which made the movement wide — and also hard to keep to one programme until it was withdrawn after Chauri Chaura. / 1920 में पदवियाँ, स्कूल, अदालत और विदेशी कपड़ा छोड़ने का आह्वान। किसान-व्यापारी-छात्र अपने-अपने स्वराज से जुड़े।
Explain four methods of soil conservation suitable for Indian farms and hills.
Contour ploughing follows the slope so rainwater does not run straight downhill and take topsoil with it. Terrace farming cuts steps on hills, as in Uttarakhand, and holds water on each bench. Shelter belts of trees in dry plains (western Rajasthan) break wind that would otherwise blow sand and fine soil away. Cover crops, mulching and avoiding bare fields in the monsoon keep raindrops from loosening the crust. In flood plains, afforestation along river banks and check-dams in gullies (ravine areas of the Chambal) slow erosion. Conservation is cheaper than buying lost fertility back with chemicals alone. / समोच्च जुताई, सीढ़ीदार खेत, वृक्ष-पट्टी और ढका खेत — चार व्यावहारिक उपाय।
Explain the horizontal and vertical division of power in India with examples. Why is the system useful?
Horizontal division is among organs at the same level: the legislature makes laws, the executive implements them, and the judiciary checks both (e.g. the Supreme Court can strike down an unconstitutional Act). Vertical division is among levels: the Union (defence, currency), the States (police, agriculture) and local bodies (sanitation, street lights) after the 73rd and 74th Amendments. The arrangement stops one office from gathering all power, gives regions a voice, and lets citizens approach the nearest government for local needs. Sri Lanka's earlier majoritarian path shows the cost of refusing to share. / क्षैतिज: विधायिका-कार्यपालिका-न्यायपालिका। ऊर्ध्वाधर: संघ-राज्य-स्थानीय निकाय।
Why is the tertiary sector becoming more important in India? Suggest two ways to create more organised jobs.
As income rises, people demand more education, health, banking, travel and communication. Farmers and factories also need transport, storage and trade, so services grow with the other two sectors. Public employment in railways, post and schools, and private work in shops, IT and delivery, have both expanded. Yet a large share remains casual. Two practical steps: (i) register small units and give them cheap credit plus skill courses so a workshop can offer regular wages; (ii) expand public services — primary health centres, anganwadis, rural roads — which create formal posts and also raise the productivity of farm and factory workers. / आय बढ़ने से सेवाओं की माँग बढ़ी। पंजीकरण+ऋण और सार्वजनिक सेवाएँ संगठित काम बढ़ा सकती हैं।
How do Self-Help Groups (SHGs) help rural women? Why is cheap formal credit important for development?
An SHG of 15–20 women pools small weekly savings and gives need-based loans to members for seed, a sewing machine or a medical bill, usually at a rate far below the moneylender's. Banks later lend to a successful group without asking each woman for land papers. Meetings also become a space to discuss school fees, domestic violence or a village handpump. Cheap formal credit matters because a high informal rate eats the extra income of a good harvest; families then stay in a debt cycle and cannot invest in irrigation or a child's education. When credit is timely and fair, small farms and tiny shops grow, and so does local demand. / SHG बचत-ऋण और सामूहिक आवाज देता है। सस्ता बैंक ऋण कर्ज-चक्र तोड़ता है।
What is globalisation? Explain the role of technology and of liberalisation in making it faster. Mention one benefit and one caution for India.
Globalisation is the growing interconnection of markets, ideas and production across countries. Container ships, fibre-optic cables and cheap air freight let a design drawn in one city be stitched in another and sold in a third. After 1991 India lowered many barriers to trade and foreign investment (liberalisation), so MNCs could enter more freely and Indian firms could buy machines abroad. Benefit: more choice for buyers, export jobs in garments, software and auto parts, and faster spread of useful technology. Caution: small producers and casual workers can lose out unless the state invests in skills, labour rights and a fair competition policy. Globalisation is a current; policy decides who can swim. / बाजारों का जुड़ाव = वैश्वीकरण। कंटेनर-इंटरनेट और 1991 के बाद खुले नियम ने गति बढ़ाई। विकल्प-रोजगार लाभ हैं; छोटे उत्पादकों की रक्षा जरूरी है।
Who among the following is associated with the unification of Germany?
सही विकल्प: B — Otto von Bismarck / ओटो फॉन बिस्मार्क
Bismarck, the Prussian chief minister, used diplomacy and three wars to unify Germany (1871) under the Prussian king. Mazzini worked for Italian republicanism; Metternich opposed nationalism. / बिस्मार्क ने युद्ध और कूटनीति से 1871 में जर्मनी जोड़ा।
Rooftop rainwater harvesting is mainly meant to
सही विकल्प: B — Recharge groundwater and store water for dry months / भूजल रिचार्ज हो और सूखे महीनों के लिए जल बचे
Pipes take roof water to a tank or to soak pits so wells recover and summer shortage eases. / छत का पानी टैंक/सोख्ता में जाता है; कुएँ भरते हैं।
Which of the following is a ferrous mineral?
सही विकल्प: C — Iron ore / लौह अयस्क
Ferrous minerals contain iron (haematite, magnetite). Bauxite is the ore of aluminium; mica and gold are non-ferrous. / लौह-खनिज में लोहा होता है; बॉक्साइट अल्युमिनियम का अयस्क है।
Which industry is often called the basic or key industry because it supplies machines and tools to others?
सही विकल्प: B — Iron and steel / लोहा एवं इस्पात
Iron and steel provide plates, rods and machines that almost every other factory needs; hence “basic industry”. / इस्पात अन्य उद्योगों को कच्चा माल और मशीन देता है।
The cheapest means for carrying bulky goods such as coal over long distances within India is generally
सही विकल्प: C — Railways / रेलमार्ग
Railways move heavy, low-value cargo cheaply over long land routes. Air is fastest but costly; roads suit short and door-to-door trips. / भारी माल के लिए रेल सस्ती; वायु महँगी; सड़क छोटी दूरी के लिए।
A recognised national party in India must, among other conditions, win a minimum share of votes or seats in
सही विकल्प: B — At least four states (as per Election Commission rules) / कम से कम चार राज्यों में (निर्वाचन आयोग के नियम)
The Election Commission grants national status when a party meets vote/seat conditions across several states (commonly framed as four), not in one pocket borough. / राष्ट्रीय दल का प्रदर्शन कई राज्यों में होना चाहिए।
The sex-ratio is defined as
सही विकल्प: A — Number of women per 1000 men in the population / प्रति 1000 पुरुषों पर महिलाओं की संख्या
Census sex-ratio = females per 1000 males. A low ratio hints at discrimination, neglect or sex-selective practices. / जनगणना: 1000 पुरुषों पर स्त्रियाँ; कम अनुपात चिंता दर्शाता है।
MRP printed on a packed biscuit packet stands for
सही विकल्प: B — Maximum Retail Price / अधिकतम खुदरा मूल्य
The seller cannot legally charge more than the Maximum Retail Price (taxes included as printed). A bill and a working consumer helpline support this right. / MRP से अधिक वसूलना अवैध है।
Which of the following is a reserved forest in the Indian classification of forests?
सही विकल्प: B — Forest under direct government protection; activities are strictly regulated / सरकार की सीधे रक्षा; गतिविधियाँ कठोर नियम से
Reserved forests are the most restricted category; protected and unclassed forests allow relatively more local use under rules. / आरक्षित वन सबसे कठोर सुरक्षा में हैं।
The printing press reached India with
सही विकल्प: B — Portuguese missionaries in Goa in the mid-16th century / 16वीं शताब्दी के मध्य पुर्तगाली मिशनरियों के साथ गोवा में
Jesuit missionaries brought a press to Goa (1550s). Later, print spread in many Indian languages and helped debate, reform and nationalism. / गोवा में 1550 के दशक में प्रेस आया; बाद में भारतीय भाषाओं में फैल गया।
Which of the following is a challenge of expansion for Indian democracy?
सही विकल्प: B — Giving local governments real power and including weaker groups in decision-making / स्थानीय सरकारों को वास्तविक अधिकार और कमजोर समूहों को निर्णयों में जगह देना
Expansion means democracy should reach panchayats, women, Dalits and minorities in daily decisions, not remain only a five-year vote. / विस्तार = पंचायत और वंचित समूहों तक असली भागीदारी।
The Simon Commission (1927) was opposed in India mainly because
सही विकल्प: B — It had no Indian member / इसमें कोई भारतीय सदस्य नहीं था
An all-white commission to decide India’s constitutional future was seen as an insult; protests used the slogan “Simon Go Back”. / सर्व-श्वेत आयोग का स्वागत "साइमन गो बैक" से हुआ।
Why is water scarcity increasing in many parts of India? Give two reasons.
Over-use of groundwater for irrigation (tube wells) has dropped the water table. Unequal rainfall, pollution of rivers, leaking urban pipes and growing cities add to shortage even where rainfall looks adequate on the map. / अत्यधिक नलकूप, प्रदूषण और शहरों की माँग से भूजल और नदियाँ दोनों दबाव में हैं।
Distinguish between conventional and non-conventional energy sources with one example of each.
Conventional sources (coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydro in older plants) have been used on a large scale and several are exhaustible and polluting. Non-conventional sources (solar, wind, biogas, tidal, geothermal) are newer in wide use, mostly renewable and cleaner. / पारंपरिक: कोयला। गैर-पारंपरिक: सौर/पवन — नवीकरणीय और अपेक्षाकृत स्वच्छ।
State two factors that affect the location of a cotton textile mill.
A humid climate (or artificial humidifiers) reduces yarn breakage; raw cotton supply, cheap labour, a large local market and port/rail links also pull mills (historic Mumbai–Ahmedabad belt; newer centres in the South and East). / आर्द्र जलवायु/कपास/श्रम/बाजार और परिवहन मिल की जगह तय करते हैं।
Why are roadways important even in an age of railways and airways? Give two points.
Roads offer door-to-door service and can climb hills or enter villages where tracks and runways cannot. They feed railway stations and airports, carry perishable goods for short distances and support tourism and defence in border districts. / घर-घर पहुँच, गाँव-पहाड़ और रेल/हवाई अड्डे तक माल सड़क से जाता है।
What is a multi-party system? Give one advantage and one problem of this system in India.
Several parties compete and governments may be single-party or coalitions. Advantage: more social groups find a voice (region, caste, class). Problem: unstable coalitions, too many small parties and confusing choices for voters if parties split only for power. / कई दल चुनाव लड़ते हैं — विविध आवाज लाभ है; गठबंधन की अस्थिरता समस्या।
What is communalism? Mention one way it harms democracy.
Communalism is the belief that religion is the main basis of social community and political interest, so people of other faiths are treated as rivals. It harms democracy when votes are demanded only in the name of religion, riots are used to polarise, or the state favours one community — equal citizenship then weakens. / धर्म को राजनीति का प्रधान आधार बनाना सांप्रदायिकता है; यह समान नागरिकता तोड़ती है।
Why is the consumer movement needed in India? State two consumer rights.
Sellers may give underweight goods, expired medicines or no bill; a single buyer is weak against a company. Rights include: right to safety, to information (ingredients, MRP), to choose, to be heard and to seek redressal in consumer courts. / कम तोल/मिलावट के विरुद्ध सुरक्षा, जानकारी, चयन और शिकायत का अधिकार।
How do forests help us? Give two points. Why is biodiversity important?
Forests bind soil, recharge water, give fuel, fodder, medicine and moderate climate. Biodiversity (many species in one area) keeps food chains stable; if one pest-eating bird vanishes, crops and other animals also suffer. Conservation is therefore not only about tigers but about a web of life. / वन मिट्टी-जल-जलवायु बचाते हैं; विविध प्रजातियाँ श्रृंखला स्थिर रखती हैं।
What did nineteenth-century European liberals mean by “liberty”? Mention two ideas.
They wanted an end to aristocratic privilege and autocratic rule, a constitution, elected assemblies and freedom of the press. Economically they favoured the end of internal customs duties so that a national market could grow (e.g. the Zollverein in German lands). Liberty was for the propertied men first; workers and women had to fight longer. / संविधान, चुनाव, प्रेस और आंतरिक चुंगी-मुक्ति — उदार स्वतंत्रता के स्तंभ थे।
How did print help the growth of nationalism in India? Give two points.
Newspapers and cheap books carried news of unjust laws, swadeshi and satyagraha to towns and qasbas in many languages. Cartoons, tracts and vernacular novels created a shared public that could imagine India as one political community and debate reform (caste, women's education, colonial rule) beyond a single sabha. / अखबार-पुस्तकों ने स्वदेशी समाचार और बहस कई भाषाओं में फैलाए।
Explain four methods of water conservation suitable for Uttar Pradesh farms and towns. Why are multi-purpose river projects sometimes criticised?
Methods: (i) rooftop rainwater harvesting and recharge pits in mohallas; (ii) repairing canals and using drip/sprinkler instead of flood irrigation; (iii) reviving village ponds and stopping garbage dumping in them; (iv) treating urban sewage before it enters the Ganga or Gomti, and fixing leaking taps. Multi-purpose dams give power, water and flood control, but they also submerge forests and villages, cause displacement, and may trigger siltation and inter-state disputes. Smaller local structures often cost less social pain. / छत-संग्रह, ड्रिप, तालाब, सीवेज शोधन। बड़े बाँध विस्थापन और वन-डूब के कारण आलोचित।
Why is conservation of minerals necessary? Suggest three ways to conserve minerals and energy in daily life and industry.
Minerals are finite and take geological ages to form; high-grade ores are already under pressure. Ways: recycle scrap iron and used aluminium; use public transport, LED lamps and improved chulhas to cut coal and oil demand; in industry, adopt efficient furnaces, mix cheaper substitutes where safe, and mine with less waste (use low-grade ore with better technology). Saving energy is also mineral conservation because most electricity in India still comes from coal. / खनिज सीमित हैं। रीसाइक्लिंग, बचत और कुशल तकनीक तीन रास्ते हैं।
What functions do political parties perform in a democracy? Mention any four. Why do we need parties at all?
Parties contest elections and put forward candidates; they put policies and programmes before voters; they form and run governments or sit in opposition and criticise; they shape public opinion through meetings and media; they train future leaders. Without parties, every candidate would be an independent, governments would be unstable collections of individuals, and voters would find it hard to choose a team responsible for a manifesto. Parties connect thousands of local complaints to a state or national programme — that is their use, even when they disappoint us. / चुनाव, नीति, सरकार/विपक्ष, जनमत — दलों के काम। बिना दल के जवाबदेही बिखर जाती है।
A shopkeeper sold you a sealed oil pack that was short in weight and refused a bill. What rights were violated? What steps can you take under the consumer movement?
The right to information (no bill, hidden actual quantity), the right to choose a correctly weighed good, and the right to seek redressal were hit; safety may also be involved if the oil is adulterated. Steps: keep the pack and any payment proof; complain to the seller in writing; call the consumer helpline / use the national consumer portal; approach the District Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission if needed. Consumer clubs in schools spread awareness that a bill is not a favour but a legal document. / जानकारी, सही मात्रा और शिकायत के अधिकार टूटे। पैक रखें, लिखित शिकायत और उपभोक्ता अदालत।
Describe the process of Italian unification. What role did Mazzini, Cavour and Garibaldi play?
Italy was split into several states, some under Austrian control. Mazzini’s Young Italy (1830s) spread the idea of a republican nation but early risings failed. Count Cavour, chief minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, used diplomacy and a French alliance to drive Austria from the north (1859). Garibaldi’s volunteers (Red Shirts) won the Two Sicilies in the south (1860) and handed them to King Victor Emmanuel II. By 1861 a kingdom of Italy was proclaimed; Rome and Venice joined later. Unification was thus a mix of revolutionary hope, royal diplomacy and popular soldiering — not a single battle. / मैत्सिनी ने विचार दिए, कावूर ने उत्तर जोड़ा, गैरीबाल्डी ने दक्षिण जीता; 1861 में इटली राज्य।
Explain the importance of an integrated transport network for India. Mention the role of pipelines and of international trade.
No single mode can serve farms, factories, hills and ports. Roads collect milk and vegetables; railways haul coal and grain; ports and airports link exports; inland waterways suit some bulk cargo. An integrated network means these modes connect at junctions so a tractor part made in one state reaches a port on time. Pipelines move crude oil, gas and even slurry with fewer leaks and less road crowding (e.g. from oilfields to refineries). International trade — exports of garments, software, engineering goods and imports of oil and machines — needs efficient ports, customs and hinterland roads. Lifelines are not only tracks; they are the timetable that keeps the economy breathing. / सड़क-रेल-बंदरगाह जुड़ें तो माल समय पर पहुँचे। पाइपलाइन तेल-गैस बचाती है; व्यापार बंदरगाहों पर निर्भर है।
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ऊपर से चैप्टर या प्रश्न-प्रकार चुनें। MCQ पर टैप करें। हल में वर्ष और संक्षिप्त उत्तर दिखेगा।
बोर्ड जैसा पेपर कहाँ है?
“बोर्ड पेपर जैसा टेस्ट” खोलें — खण्ड अ/ब/स, अंक और समय उसी शैली में।
Follow this loop every day: mixed test, current affairs, then today's subject. A new set arrives tomorrow.
After this page, use these three links — do not open a random page.
More sets from the same cluster — stay on this topic.
Timed papers with a scorecard — start any time, then return to a related quiz above.
