24 प्रश्न: 12 विकल्प, 6 लघु, 6 दीर्घ। प्रत्येक प्रश्न पर वर्ष टैग।
Human geography mainly studies
सही विकल्प: B — People, their activities and the earth they use / मनुष्य, उनके काम और पृथ्वी का उपयोग
It links population, settlement, economy and culture to place. / जनसंख्या-बस्तियाँ-अर्थव्यवस्था का स्थान से संबंध।
Birth rate minus death rate (when migration is ignored) gives
सही विकल्प: B — Natural growth / प्राकृतिक वृद्धि
Natural increase = crude birth rate − crude death rate. / प्राकृतिक वृद्धि = जन्म − मृत्यु।
Population density is
सही विकल्प: A — People per unit area / प्रति इकाई क्षेत्र लोग
Usually persons per square kilometre. / सामान्यतः व्यक्ति/किमी²।
A resource is called renewable when
सही विकल्प: A — It can never finish in human time if used carefully / सावधानी से उपयोग पर मानव काल में समाप्त न हो
Solar energy, wind and carefully managed forests are treated as renewable. Coal is not. / सूर्य-पवन नवीकरणीय; कोयला नहीं।
Rice in India is mainly a crop of
सही विकल्प: B — Humid monsoon plains / आर्द्र मानसूनी मैदान
Standing water and a warm wet season suit paddy in the Ganga plain and coastal deltas. / गर्म-आर्द्र मैदान/डेल्टा।
Which factor most pulls an iron-and-steel plant in the classical location model?
सही विकल्प: B — Coal and iron ore / कोयला और लौह अयस्क
Heavy raw materials are costly to haul, so plants grew near ore/coal belts (e.g. Jamshedpur region). / भारी कच्चा माल पास चाहिए।
The cheapest mode for bulky inland cargo over a long Indian distance is often
सही विकल्प: C — Rail / रेल
Railways move coal, grain and ore more cheaply per tonne-km than trucks or planes. / रेल टन-किमी पर सस्ती।
A megacity is generally a city with population above
सही विकल्प: C — 1 crore / 1 करोड़
UN usage treats 10 million (1 crore) as the megacity threshold. / एक करोड़ से ऊपर।
Rainwater harvesting is important in India because
सही विकल्प: A — Monsoon is uneven and groundwater is falling in many districts / मानसून असमान और भूजल गिर रहा है
Storing roof and field runoff recharges wells and cuts summer stress. / वर्षा रोककर कुएँ भरें।
On a map, a scale of 1:50,000 means 1 cm represents
सही विकल्प: B — 500 m
1 cm = 50,000 cm = 500 m. / 50,000 सेमी = 500 मीटर।
The Green Revolution in India is most closely linked to
सही विकल्प: B — HYV seeds, irrigation and fertilizer in wheat–rice belts / HYV बीज, सिंचाई, उर्वरक
1960s–70s package raised wheat (and later rice) in Punjab, Haryana and western UP. / गेहूँ-धान पट्टी में HYV पैकेज।
Sustainable development means
सही विकल्प: A — Use resources so present needs are met without destroying future options / वर्तमान जरूरतें, भविष्य के विकल्प बचाकर
Brundtland idea: meet today’s needs without compromising tomorrow. / आज + कल दोनों।
Differentiate between population growth and population density.
Growth is the change in number over time (births, deaths, migration). Density is how many people live on one square kilometre right now. A desert state can have high growth and still low density. / वृद्धि = समय में बदलाव; घनत्व = क्षेत्र पर दबाव।
Why is petroleum called a non-renewable resource? Name two Indian producing regions.
It formed over millions of years; we pump it far faster than nature replaces it. Regions: Mumbai High (offshore), Assam (Digboi–upper Assam), and the Gujarat–Rajasthan sedimentary basins. / बनने में युग; निकालना तेज। मुंबई हाई, असम।
Write three differences between intensive subsistence farming and plantation farming.
Intensive subsistence: small family plots, rice/wheat, high labour per hectare, output mainly for the household. Plantation: large estate, one cash crop (tea, coffee, rubber), hired labour, export-oriented. Capital and ownership patterns also differ. / छोटा खेत-खुद खाना बनाम बड़ा बाग-निर्यात।
State four locational factors of manufacturing industry.
Raw material, power, labour, market, transport, capital and government policy. A cotton mill may sit near a mill town and a port; a software park follows skilled labour and data links more than iron ore. / कच्चा माल, बिजली, श्रम, बाजार, परिवहन।
Why are pipelines used for oil and gas?
They move fluids continuously, cut road congestion and theft risk, and are cheaper per unit over a fixed long route once built. Leaks and land rights are the main cautions. / लगातार, सस्ता, कम चोरी; रिसाव से सावधान।
What is the difference between a large-scale and a small-scale map?
Large-scale (1:10,000) shows a small area in detail — a city ward. Small-scale (1:10,000,000) shows a continent with less detail. “Large” refers to the representative fraction being larger, not the paper size. / बड़ा पैमाना = छोटा क्षेत्र, ज्यादा विस्तार।
Explain four factors that affect the distribution of population in India.
Relief: plains of the Ganga and coasts are crowded; the Himalaya and Thar are thin. Climate and water: reliable monsoon and rivers support farming villages. Soil and minerals pull people to deltas and mining-industrial belts. History and transport: old capitals, railways and ports (Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai) keep attracting migrants. Policy (steel towns, state capitals) also creates pockets. Always name a high-density and a low-density example. / मैदान-जल-मिट्टी-इतिहास; हिमालय-मरुस्थल पतले।
What is resource planning? Why is it necessary in India? Give two conservation measures.
Resource planning is surveying stocks, matching them to needs, and deciding how fast to use them. India has uneven minerals, falling groundwater in many blocks, and a large population, so unplanned use creates regional stress and import bills. Measures: recycle metals, shift irrigation to drip, protect forests as catchments, and price electricity so pumps are not left running. Planning is not a slogan — it is a map plus a law plus a local water-user group. / सर्वे + जरूरत + गति; रीसायकल, ड्रिप, वन।
Describe the distribution of the iron and steel industry in India and two problems it faces.
The classical belt lies over the Chota Nagpur plateau — Jamshedpur, Bokaro, Durgapur, Rourkela, Bhilai — near ore, coking coal links and the Kolkata port hinterland. Newer plants and coastal imports (e.g. plants using imported coal/ore) have spread the map. Problems: coking-coal quality, power and water, environmental clearance, and global price swings. A board answer should name four plants and one raw-material flow. / छोटा नागपुर पट्टी + तटीय संयंत्र; कोयला-प्रदूषण-कीमत।
Distinguish rural and urban settlements. Why are Indian cities facing housing and transport stress?
Rural settlements are smaller, primary-activity based, and often nucleated or dispersed villages. Urban settlements have higher density, secondary/tertiary jobs and municipal services. Cities grow by natural increase and rural–urban migration faster than planned housing, buses and drains. Result: slums, long commutes, air pollution and water tanker dependence. Remedies in an answer: public transport, rental housing, and stopping endless peripheral sprawl without jobs. / गाँव = कृषि; शहर = सेवा/उद्योग; प्रवास > योजना।
How can Indian agriculture become more sustainable? Write four practical points.
Shift from flood irrigation to drip/sprinkler where groundwater is falling. Rotate crops and keep organic matter so soil does not depend only on urea. Protect common pastures and village tanks. Use weather advisories and crop insurance so one failed monsoon does not sell the land. The Green Revolution raised grain; the next step is water and soil, not only more tubes. / ड्रिप, फसल चक्र, तालाब, बीमा — केवल यूरिया नहीं।
What should a student show on an outline map of India for a 5-mark geography question on resources and industry?
Use the official symbols: a triangle or named dot for a steel plant (Bhilai, Jamshedpur), a shaded belt for a coalfield (Raniganj, Jharia), a port (Mumbai, Paradip, Chennai), and one agricultural region (Punjab wheat or Godavari rice). Write the name beside the mark, not only a blob. Practise on a blank map every week; neatness scores. / संयंत्र + कोयला + बंदरगाह + कृषि पट्टी; नाम लिखें।
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