हाई स्कूल परीक्षा — अभ्यास प्रश्न-पत्र

सही विकल्प: B — The Chauri Chaura violence / चौरी-चौरा हिंसा

After a police station was burnt at Chauri Chaura (Gorakhpur), Gandhi halted mass satyagraha, arguing that people were not yet ready for strictly non-violent protest. / चौरी-चौरा में हिंसा के बाद गांधी ने आंदोलन स्थगित कर दिया।

सही विकल्प: B — Crowded housing and long factory hours / भीड़भाड़ आवास और लंबी फैक्टरी पाली

Mill towns grew fast; workers lived in cramped lanes and shifts often stretched beyond twelve hours. Hand work did not vanish at once. / नगर तेजी से बढ़े, मकान तंग थे और पाली लंबी होती थी।

सही विकल्प: B — The Northern Plains / उत्तरी मैदान में

Rivers of the Indus–Ganga–Brahmaputra system deposit silt across the Northern Plains, making alluvial soil the most extensive agricultural soil of India. / सिंधु-गंगा-ब्रह्मपुत्र नदियाँ उत्तरी मैदान में जलोढ़ मिट्टी बिछाती हैं।

सही विकल्प: C — Rice / धान

Rice is a kharif crop of hot, wet lowlands. Wheat is a rabi crop of cooler, moderately wet regions. / धान खरीफ की फसल है; गेहूँ रबी की।

सही विकल्प: B — Reduces conflict and gives every group a stake / संघर्ष घटाती है और सभी को हिस्सेदारी देती है

Sharing power among governments and social groups checks majoritarianism and makes the system more stable and legitimate. / साझेदारी बहुसंख्यकवाद रोकती है और व्यवस्था स्थिर रहती है।

सही विकल्प: B — State List / राज्य सूची

The State List covers subjects of local and regional importance such as police, agriculture and local trade. The Union List covers defence and currency; the Concurrent List covers education and forests. / पुलिस और कृषि राज्य सूची में हैं।

सही विकल्प: A — Accountable and responsive to citizens / नागरिकों के प्रति जवाबदेह और संवेदनशील हो

Democracy may be slower than a dictatorship, but regular elections, a free press and the right to question leaders make the government accountable. / चुनाव, प्रेस और प्रश्न का अधिकार सरकार को जवाबदेह बनाते हैं।

सही विकल्प: B — Equal respect and freedom to speak / समान सम्मान और बोलने की स्वतंत्रता

Income matters, but people also want dignity, security and freedom. Two persons with the same salary may still have very different lives if one faces discrimination. / आय के साथ सम्मान, सुरक्षा और स्वतंत्रता भी विकास के लक्ष्य हैं।

सही विकल्प: C — Tertiary sector / तृतीयक क्षेत्रक

The tertiary (service) sector does not grow a crop or run a factory; it provides services such as teaching, health, transport and software. / तृतीयक क्षेत्रक सेवाएँ देता है — शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, परिवहन, सॉफ्टवेयर।

सही विकल्प: B — A commercial bank / व्यावसायिक बैंक

Banks and cooperatives are formal sources: they are regulated by the RBI, keep written records and usually charge lower interest than informal lenders. / बैंक और सहकारी संस्थाएँ औपचारिक स्रोत हैं; RBI इन्हें नियंत्रित करता है।

Salt was used daily by the poorest household, so a tax on it was easy to understand as unjust. Making salt from the sea was a simple, peaceful act that thousands could copy from Dandi to inland pans, linking town and village in one campaign. / नमक हर घर में लगता था, अतः कर अन्याय लगना सहज था। समुद्र से नमक बनाना शांतिपूर्ण और व्यापक भागीदारी वाला कदम था।

Cheap mill cloth from Britain flooded Indian markets after tariffs favoured imports. Weavers also lost their old export buyers and often had to take advances from gomasthas on harsh terms, so many left the loom for farm labour. / सस्ता ब्रिटिश कपड़ा और निर्यात बाजार की हानि से बुनकर दस्तकारी छोड़ने लगे।

Resource planning means surveying resources, estimating reserves and matching them with technology and needs so that use stays within limits. India has uneven resources — some states are mineral-rich, others water-rich — and a large population. Without a plan, over-mining, falling groundwater and regional inequality grow together. / सर्वेक्षण, अनुमान और जरूरत के अनुसार उपयोग ही नियोजन है। संसाधन असमान हैं, अतः योजना अनिवार्य है।

Kharif crops are sown with the onset of the south-west monsoon (June–July) and harvested in September–October: rice, maize, cotton, soybean. Rabi crops are sown in winter (October–December) and harvested in spring: wheat, barley, gram, mustard. They need cooler weather and irrigation rather than heavy rain. / खरीफ वर्षा के साथ (धान, मक्का); रबी सर्दियों में (गेहूँ, चना)।

There are two (now three, with local bodies) levels of government, each enjoying powers given by the Constitution, not by the sweet will of the Centre. A written Constitution, a Supreme Court that settles Centre–State disputes, and separate Union/State/Concurrent lists keep the division of power clear. / दो/तीन स्तर की सरकारें, लिखित संविधान, सर्वोच्च न्यायालय और तीन सूचियाँ संघवाद की पहचान हैं।

It allows people to choose and change rulers without violence, so political equality is publicly recognised. It also creates room for different social groups to bargain, which reduces the chance of a lasting civil conflict even if daily decisions are slower. Dignity of the citizen is a value dictatorship cannot honestly claim. / बिना हिंसा शासक बदलना और विविध समूहों को बातचीत का मंच देना लोकतंत्र की शक्ति है।

Average income is total income divided by population. A few very rich families can pull the average up while a large number remain poor. Two districts may show the same per capita income, yet one may have better schools and safer drinking water. That is why health, literacy and equality are read along with income. / कुछ धनी परिवार औसत बढ़ा देते हैं; स्वास्थ्य-शिक्षा बिना आय अधूरी है।

The organised sector has regular employment, written rules, paid leave and security (a government school teacher, a factory registered under labour law). The unorganised sector has small, scattered units, casual work and little protection (a street vendor, a construction labourer hired by the day). Most Indian workers are still in the unorganised sector. / संगठित में नियम-छुट्टी-सुरक्षा; असंगठित में अनियमित काम और कम सुरक्षा।

Launched in 1920, the movement asked Indians to give up government titles, schools, courts and foreign cloth, and to take up swadeshi, khadi, national schools and panchayats. It stayed non-violent in aim. Middle-class students and lawyers could boycott institutions; merchants hoped to check British goods; peasants in Awadh wanted lower rent and an end to begar; plantation workers in Assam hoped the Inland Emigration Act would loosen. Each group read swaraj in its own daily struggle, which made the movement wide — and also hard to keep to one programme until it was withdrawn after Chauri Chaura. / 1920 में पदवियाँ, स्कूल, अदालत और विदेशी कपड़ा छोड़ने का आह्वान। किसान-व्यापारी-छात्र अपने-अपने स्वराज से जुड़े।

Contour ploughing follows the slope so rainwater does not run straight downhill and take topsoil with it. Terrace farming cuts steps on hills, as in Uttarakhand, and holds water on each bench. Shelter belts of trees in dry plains (western Rajasthan) break wind that would otherwise blow sand and fine soil away. Cover crops, mulching and avoiding bare fields in the monsoon keep raindrops from loosening the crust. In flood plains, afforestation along river banks and check-dams in gullies (ravine areas of the Chambal) slow erosion. Conservation is cheaper than buying lost fertility back with chemicals alone. / समोच्च जुताई, सीढ़ीदार खेत, वृक्ष-पट्टी और ढका खेत — चार व्यावहारिक उपाय।

Horizontal division is among organs at the same level: the legislature makes laws, the executive implements them, and the judiciary checks both (e.g. the Supreme Court can strike down an unconstitutional Act). Vertical division is among levels: the Union (defence, currency), the States (police, agriculture) and local bodies (sanitation, street lights) after the 73rd and 74th Amendments. The arrangement stops one office from gathering all power, gives regions a voice, and lets citizens approach the nearest government for local needs. Sri Lanka's earlier majoritarian path shows the cost of refusing to share. / क्षैतिज: विधायिका-कार्यपालिका-न्यायपालिका। ऊर्ध्वाधर: संघ-राज्य-स्थानीय निकाय।

As income rises, people demand more education, health, banking, travel and communication. Farmers and factories also need transport, storage and trade, so services grow with the other two sectors. Public employment in railways, post and schools, and private work in shops, IT and delivery, have both expanded. Yet a large share remains casual. Two practical steps: (i) register small units and give them cheap credit plus skill courses so a workshop can offer regular wages; (ii) expand public services — primary health centres, anganwadis, rural roads — which create formal posts and also raise the productivity of farm and factory workers. / आय बढ़ने से सेवाओं की माँग बढ़ी। पंजीकरण+ऋण और सार्वजनिक सेवाएँ संगठित काम बढ़ा सकती हैं।

An SHG of 15–20 women pools small weekly savings and gives need-based loans to members for seed, a sewing machine or a medical bill, usually at a rate far below the moneylender's. Banks later lend to a successful group without asking each woman for land papers. Meetings also become a space to discuss school fees, domestic violence or a village handpump. Cheap formal credit matters because a high informal rate eats the extra income of a good harvest; families then stay in a debt cycle and cannot invest in irrigation or a child's education. When credit is timely and fair, small farms and tiny shops grow, and so does local demand. / SHG बचत-ऋण और सामूहिक आवाज देता है। सस्ता बैंक ऋण कर्ज-चक्र तोड़ता है।