नागरिक शास्त्र — 2010 से रिपीटेड प्रश्न व हल

सही विकल्प: B — 26 January 1950

Adopted 26 November 1949; commenced 26 January 1950 (Republic Day). / लागू 26 जनवरी 1950।

सही विकल्प: B — Part III / भाग 3

Part III (Articles 12–35) is justiciable rights; Part IV is DPSPs. / भाग 3 मौलिक अधिकार।

सही विकल्प: B — Union of States / राज्यों का संघ

Article 1: India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States — a strong centre with states. / अनुच्छेद 1: राज्यों का संघ।

सही विकल्प: B — A permanent House / स्थायी सदन

One-third of Rajya Sabha members retire every two years; the House is not dissolved as a whole. / एक-तिहाई सदस्य हर दो वर्ष सेवानिवृत्त।

सही विकल्प: B — Strike down a law that violates the Constitution / संविधान-विरोधी कानून रद्द करें

The Supreme Court and High Courts test laws and executive acts against the Constitution. / कानून को संविधान से जाँचना।

सही विकल्प: B — Several states / कई राज्यों

ECI rules require a spread of votes or seats across states, not one pocket. / कई राज्यों में वोट/सीट फैलाव।

सही विकल्प: B — Panchayati Raj / पंचायती राज

It constitutionalised village, intermediate and district panchayats (1992). / ग्राम-मध्य-जिला पंचायत।

सही विकल्प: B — USA / संयुक्त राज्य

1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization grouped the US and West European allies. / 1949, अमेरिका-पश्चिम यूरोप।

सही विकल्प: A — 5

Five permanent members (P5) hold a veto; ten others are elected for two years. / पाँच स्थायी + वीटो।

सही विकल्प: B — Non-Aligned Movement / गुटनिरपेक्ष आंदोलन

Newly independent states tried not to join either military bloc as a satellite. / दोनों सैन्य गुटों से दूरी।

सही विकल्प: C — Article 32 / अनुच्छेद 32

Article 32 lets a person move the Supreme Court to enforce Fundamental Rights (Ambedkar called it the heart of the Constitution). / अनुच्छेद 32 — अधिकारों की रक्षा।

सही विकल्प: B — Election Commission of India / भारत निर्वाचन आयोग

The ECI is a constitutional body (Article 324) for Parliament and state assemblies. / अनुच्छेद 324, निर्वाचन आयोग।

Federal: two levels of government, written constitution, independent judiciary, lists of subjects. Unitary tilt: single citizenship, a strong centre, All-India Services, and President’s Rule in a state. India is federal with a unitary bias. / दो स्तर + सूचियाँ; पर केंद्र मजबूत।

Equality (Arts 14–18), Freedom (19–22), against exploitation (23–24), freedom of religion (25–28), cultural and educational rights (29–30), constitutional remedies (32). Pick four and add one line each in the exam. / समानता, स्वतंत्रता, शोषण के विरुद्ध, धर्म, संस्कृति, उपचार।

They put candidates, offer programmes, form governments, oppose and criticise, and train future leaders. Without parties, every MLA would be a lone bargain and voters would face hundreds of names with no team. Parties can also become corrupt — that is a reason to regulate them, not to abolish them. / उम्मीदवार, नीति, सरकार, विपक्ष।

A permanent member can block a substantive Security Council resolution even if fourteen others agree. Critics say it freezes 1945 power and blocks action on wars involving a P5 state. Defenders say it kept the great powers inside the UN. Reform talk includes adding members and limiting the veto. / एक स्थायी सदस्य रोक सकता है; 1945 की शक्ति।

A long rivalry (roughly 1947–1991) between the US-led and USSR-led camps without a direct full war between the two. Features: arms race and nuclear fear, military alliances (NATO, Warsaw Pact), proxy wars, and propaganda. It shaped India’s non-alignment. / बिना सीधे महायुद्ध के दो गुट; गठबंधन और प्रॉक्सी युद्ध।

Local roads, water and schools need people who live there, not only a distant secretariat. Reserved seats for women and disadvantaged groups open new leadership. Funds and functionaries must actually reach the gram sabha, or the amendment stays on paper. / पास की समस्या; महिलाओं/वर्गों की भागीदारी।

It can change without a revolution: Article 368 allows Parliament to amend, with a special majority and, for federal clauses, ratification by half the states. The Basic Structure doctrine (Kesavananda, 1973) stops the death of democracy by amendment. Examples students may use: voting age 18; GST; or the 73rd/74th local-government amendments. A living constitution adapts, but the court guards its core. / 368 से बदलाव; मूल संरचना सीमा।

The Union List (defence, currency, foreign affairs) is for Parliament. The State List (police, public health, local government) is for assemblies. The Concurrent List (education, forests, marriage) lets both legislate; Union law prevails in a clash. Tension appears over Governors, finance (GST compensation, grants), and President’s Rule. Cooperative federalism (NITI, GST Council) is the ideal; practice swings with politics. / संघ/राज्य/समवर्ती; टकराव में केंद्र कानून।

The USSR dissolved in 1991; East European communist regimes fell; Germany unified. The US remained the main military power, but the EU, China and later other poles grew. Challenges: civil wars and ethnic breakup (Yugoslavia), nuclear leftover stocks, NATO expansion debates, and new terrorism after 2001. For India: Look East, nuclear tests 1998, and a multi-aligned (not satellite) foreign policy. / USSR 1991; एकध्रुवीय पल + नई हिंसा/आतंक।

Adult franchise, a secret ballot, an independent election body, equal rules for parties, and a chance to lose and sit in opposition. India: the ECI, the Model Code, EVMs with VVPAT in recent years, and reserved polling staff. Unfairness appears as money, muscle, and fake news — so the answer should not claim perfection, only the design. / वयस्क मताधिकार, गुप्त मत, स्वतंत्र आयोग, हार मानना।

The P5 map is 1945: it omits India, Africa, Latin America and a united Germany/Japan as permanent voices. The Council’s agenda is global, but legitimacy falls when large contributors and populations stay outside the veto club. India argues population, peacekeeping troops, and a democratic polity. Reform is hard because a P5 member can veto the change itself. Write one argument for expansion and one obstacle. / 1945 का नक्शा; भारत शांति सेना+आबादी; वीटो बाधा।

Rights are enforceable in court; DPSPs guide the state toward welfare (education, environment, equal pay) and are not equally justiciable. Over time some DPSPs moved closer to rights (e.g. education). Fundamental Duties (51A) remind citizens that rights need a civic culture — they are not usually the first courtroom tool, but a board answer should not call them optional slogans. Balance: claim Article 21, also keep public property and the scientific temper. / अधिकार अदालत में; DPSP दिशा; कर्तव्य संस्कृति।