Narration — Direct से Indirect

Direct speech उद्धरण में होता है: He said, "I am busy." Indirect उसी बात को बिना उद्धरण के रिपोर्ट करता है: He said that he was busy.

Reporting verb past हो तो अंदर का टेंस एक कदम पीछे जाता है — am→was, have→had, will→would, can→could। सार्वभौम सत्य पर टेंस नहीं बदलता: The sun rises in the east.

SSC जोड़े रटवाता है: today→that day, tomorrow→the next day, yesterday→the previous day, now→then, here→there, this→that, ago→before। said to → told (that के बिना कर्म के साथ)।

नियम

1. He said, "I am tired." → He said that he was tired. I/we कर्ता के अनुसार he/she/they।
2. He said, "I have done my work." → He said that he had done his work. Present Perfect → Past Perfect.
3. She said, "I will go tomorrow." → She said that she would go the next day. will→would; tomorrow→the next day / the following day.
4. He said, "I bought this book yesterday." → He said that he had bought that book the previous day.
5. He said, "The sun rises in the east." → He said that the sun rises in the east. शाश्वत सत्य — टेंस ज्यों का त्यों।
6. Reporting verb present/future हो तो अंदर का टेंस नहीं बदलता: He says, "I am busy." → He says that he is busy.
7. said to + कर्म → told + कर्म: He said to me, "You are late." → He told me that I was late. told के बाद that; said to Indirect में प्रायः नहीं रहता।
8. Yes/No प्रश्न: if / whether, asked। He said, "Are you coming?" → He asked if I was coming. सहायक क्रिया हटाकर कथन क्रम।
9. Wh-प्रश्न: वही wh शब्द, asked। He said, "Where do you live?" → He asked where I lived. do/does/did हटते हैं।
10. आदेश: ordered / commanded + to। The teacher said, "Sit down." → The teacher ordered them to sit down.
11. विनती: requested / begged + to। He said, "Please help me." → He requested me to help him.
12. मनाही: forbade / ordered not to। He said, "Do not waste time." → He forbade me to waste time. या ordered me not to waste time.
13. Let us: suggested + that + should। He said, "Let us go home." → He suggested that they should go home.
14. Let him: He said, "Let him try." → He suggested that he should try. / said that he might be allowed to try — पहला रूप SSC में अधिक।
15. इच्छार्थ (optative): wished / prayed। He said, "May you live long!" → He prayed that I might live long.
16. विस्मय: exclaimed with joy / sorrow / surprise + that + very। She said, "What a beautiful flower!" → She exclaimed with joy that it was a very beautiful flower.
17. must प्रायः had to: He said, "I must go." → He said that he had to go. सलाह वाले must कभी-कभी must ही रहता है।
18. shall I (प्रस्ताव): He said, "Shall I open the window?" → He asked if he should open the window.
19. समय शब्द: now→then, ago→before, last night→the previous night, next week→the following week, tonight→that night.
20. स्थान: here→there, this place→that place, come→go (यदि दिशा रिपोर्ट के हिसाब से उलटी हो)।
21. उद्धरण और प्रश्नचिह्न Indirect में नहीं रहते; पूर्ण विराम लगता है।
22. दो वाक्य: He said, "I am ill. I cannot come." → He said that he was ill and that he could not come.

Narration — Direct से Indirect — मुख्य तथ्य (2026)

परीक्षा टिप: पहले वाक्य का प्रकार देखें — कथन, प्रश्न, आदेश, विस्मय — फिर टेंस और समय-शब्द एक साथ बदलें, केवल एक नहीं।

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